Insights into Flavoenzymes: Structure, classification and potential biotechnological applications

Flavoenzymes are the diverse enzymes that use the flavin cofactors for their catalysis. They are widespread from bacteria to humans and have various biological role. This review provides a comprehensive overview about the flavoenzymes, classification, catalysis mechanism and their applications. The transfer of electrons between the flavin molecule which possess basically the isoalloxazine chromophore comprises of 7,8-dimethylbenzene moiety and the hydrophilic pyrimidine ring combine to form the amphipathic molecule, and the substrate which forms the valuable products by undergone chemical transformation which also provides basis for their classification. Here mainly, dehydrogenases, flavoprotein oxidases, monooxygenases and reductases classes are explained with examples along with their many physiological roles, showcasing their involvement in essential cellular functions. However, some additional redox centers flavoproteins, metal-containg, flavocytochromes and disulphide oxidoreductases are also mentioned here. Beside that they have many other tremendous applications including in disease diagnosis, treatments, novel drugs and therapeutic approaches for various diseases, biosensors, industrial, various biotechnological applications and some recent achieved advancements are discussed in detail. This study aims to advance knowledge of these unique enzymes by providing an extensive analysis of the classification, processes, and uses of flavoenzymes. Further study of flavoenzyme catalysis is required to unveil exciting avenues for future study and invention.